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What Does ARP Do and How Does It Work?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) finds the Physical address(MAC Address) of a network host from the IP address of that host. Let me explain the workings of ARP in simple terms. Suppose we have two devices (A and B).

A must know B's IP and MAC addresses to send data. How will A get them?


Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) will find the MAC address of the destination device.


If the destination device does not have the MAC address of the destination device, it sends an ARP broadcast to find the MAC address of the network host that belongs to the IP address.



The device having the IP address(destination device) will respond to the source device with its MAC address. The source device will update the ARP cache with the newly found MAC address of the destination device.

ARP cache stores the MAC address of the other network devices for future use and periodically undergoes flushing to avoid obsolete entries.

You learned how ARP helps to get the physical addresses of remote devices. ARP stores all these MAC addresses in the ARP cache on your PC. We can print the ARP cache and check them. Let us check how to do it.




How to Display ARP cache On A Computer?

Follow the steps below to view the MAC address entries stored in the ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) cache.


  1. Start Command Prompt (Type Command Prompt on Windows Search and open it).

  2. Type arp -a to display current ARP entries on your computer.

    Table of ARP Cache on My Computer

    Another command to print the ARP cache is arp -g.



You can find the Physical addresses of destination devices with IP addresses in the table.


Dynamic APR entries are automatic, but the static types are manual.


Static ARP entries remain on the ARP cache on your computer until you reboot the system. Now, we check some necessary ARP commands that will help you.


Important ARP Commands

  1. arp -v -This APR command shows current ARP entries in verbose mode.

  2. arp -d - It deletes a particular ARP entry specified by the IP address from the ARP cache.

  3. arp -s - It adds a host to the APR cache with MAC address and IP address. ARP entries added to the ARP cache by this command are permanent( remain until you reboot your computer).



How to Add a Static Entry in ARP Cache?

To add a static entry in the ARP cache, you can use the command arp -s. The format is:



arp -s 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16


Fix This Device is Either Not Present, Not Working properly (Code 10)

If any device connected to your computer is not working, the first step is to check its status in Device Manager. Device Manager will show the current status of the component.

If there is a problem, you can see an error code with helpful information to resolve the issue. This tutorial explains device manager error code 10 and the solution to fix it.


Device Manager Error code 10 says it cannot detect the device.


It tells the device cannot be detected by the computer. Error code 10 comes with the following message: This device is either not present, not working properly, or does not have all the drivers installed. (Code 10).

Now, let us check the troubleshooting steps to resolve it.



Standard Procedure to Fix Device Manager Error Code 10

  1. Check Connectivity

    If the device has a loose connection with your computer, the device manager will show you the error message 'This device is either not present, not working properly, or does not have all the drivers installed. (Code 10)'.


    Check the user manual and ensure the connection is proper.



  2. Reseat the unit

    It is an extension of the first step. Disconnect the device and reconnect it. Check if the issue persists. This procedure is easy for USB devices because they offer plug-and-play support.

    For example, if you use a USB wireless adapter to connect your PC to a WiFi network, you may disconnect the adapter and reconnect. After reconnecting the adapter, check for the issue.



  3. Update Driver

    In most cases, an outdated driver causes the alert 'This device is either not present, not working properly, or does not have all the drivers installed (Code 10)'.


    Update the current driver installed with the latest driver available.


    You can do it from Device Manager by selecting the hardware that shows issues. To access DM on your computer, follow the instructions in the link below.



If you do not know how to update an outdated hardware driver, follow the instructions in the link below. You can use the same method for every hardware unit.



If the reason your PC does not detect the hardware component is an outdated driver, you will no longer get the error code 10.



You might be interested in similar Device Manager error codes. To learn about the reasons and solutions to fix them, visit the link below.



Rarely, you may see troubles on your laptop if an adapter is manually disabled. There is a different procedure to handle this situation. To read more about it, visit the link below.

This Device is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1) - Quick Fix

Have you ever faced the Device Manager error code 1? The complete error code is:


This Device Is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1)


You will get this message only if your computer has problems with the installed device driver. It says your computer cannot configure a device due to the driver issues.

The complete error code 1 is: This Device is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1). To update the drivers for this device, click Update Driver.

This article explains the Device Manager error code 1 and the solution.



What Is the Error -This Device Is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1)?

If your computer finds the driver software installed for a hardware component is not working or is outdated, the Device Manager will show error code 1.

Another reason for This Device Is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1) error is a corrupted driver configuration.

We have learned the reasons for the Windows device error code 1. We will go for the solution now.




How to Fix This Device Is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1)?

We have a two-step solution to fix the error message This Device Is Not Configured Correctly. (Code 1).

The first method is to update the driver with the latest version. If it does not fix the problem, we will remove the hardware from the PC and do a clean install.

  1. Update Driver

    The quick fix for the Device Manager error code 1 is to update the device driver. We have a dedicated tutorial that explains the complete process of driver updates.

    To learn how to update the driver installed on your PC, click the link below.


    Search the manufacturer's website to find the latest driver. For example, if your wireless adapter gives you the error code 1, search (the adapter )manufacturer's website.


    Reboot your computer after updating the driver. If you still get the error code 1, go to the next solution.


  2. Remove the Device

    If the updated driver fails to fix the problem, you may want to delete the device from Device Manager (DM). After deleting the hardware, you can reconnect it using the Add New Hardware Wizard.

    Windows 11 and 10 do not need any hardware wizard to detect new hardware. So, after uninstalling the hardware, you can download and install the latest driver. It will automatically allow the Operating system to detect the device.


If you are still getting error code 1 even after following both steps, it is time to check the hardware documentation of the device.


Some devices do not work with the latest Windows versions.


So you must double-check whether the unit you are trying to configure on your computer supports the Operating system and other system settings.

If you have migrated from an older Windows version to Windows 11 recently, there is a chance to see this popup due to compatibility issues.


The hardware unit may not be compatible with the latest Operating Systems.


Though Windows 11 has the feature to run a program designed for older versions, it may show warnings. You can use the "Run this program in compatibility mode for" feature to run the program or hardware unit for the current Microsoft OS version.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol that helps to find the shortest path between two hops. This tutorial checks the working of the RIP protocol, its importance, and its different versions.


RIP is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) using the distance-vector routing algorithm.



The Importance of Routing Information Protocol

It creates a routing table that helps routers to find the network layout. Dynamic Routing table helps to understand the changes in network connections.

Working of Routing Information Protocol

RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol. It uses hop count as the routing metric.


15 is the maximum number of hops allowed in RIP.


RIP sends routing-update messages at regular intervals and and updates the routing table when the network topology changes. The average RIP update time is 30 seconds, while the hold-down time is 180 seconds.




In Which OSI Layer RIP Works?

One of the interviewer's favorite questions for a network engineer recruitment is which OSI layer RIP works. RIP is based on UDP and working in the Transport layer.


Routing by RIP is also called routing by rumor.


We have covered the importance and the working of the RIP. Let us check how the Routing Information Protocol maintains stability.



RIP Stability Features

RIP implements the following mechanisms to maintain stability. They are:


  1. Split horizon

  2. Route poisoning

  3. Hold down mechanisms



What Are the Different Versions of Routing Information Protocol?

One of the repeated CCNA questions is about the different types of RIP. There are three versions of Routing Information Protocol. They are:


  1. RIP version

  2. RIP version 2

  3. RIPng


RIP version 1 is the basic RIP which doesn't support VLSM. This drawback is fixed on the RIP version 2 where it supports Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM).


RIPv1 is a Classful Routing Protocol.


RIP version 2 uses multicast where RIP version 1 uses broadcast to send routing updates.


RIPv2 is a Classless Routing Protocol.


RIP version 2 multicasts routing updates to the address 224.0.0.9. RIPng is specially defined for IP version 6.