Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

__________________________________

The duty of Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) is to find out the physical address of a host
in the network when the ip address is known.

IP address ARP
____________________> MAC address

When a data for one host is crossing one router we are using ARP.

ARP is responsible for the determination of destination MAC address.

For that an ARP is broadcast is transmitting periodically. According to the responses the node is creating an ARP table. With the help of this table the node (source) can find out the destination mac address.


Recommended readings

1. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

2. Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

3. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

4. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Device Manager Error Codes---- code 10

Code 10

Error Message

___________

This device is either not present, not working properly, or does not have

all the drivers installed. (Code 10)

Try upgrading the device drivers for this device.

Solution : Update Driver

To resolve this error code, make sure the device is connected to the computer

correctly. For example, make sure all cables are plugged in fully and that all adapter

cards are properly seated. Follow the suggested solution button and update the device

driver. It may be possible to remove the device and redetect it using the Add

New Hardware wizard.

For more reading

Device Manager error code 1

New Topics

Device Manager Error Codes---- code 1

This device is not configured correctly. (Code 1)

To update the drivers for this device, click Update Driver. If that doesn\'t work, see your hardware documentation for more information.

Solution button: Update Driver

This code means that the system has not had a chance to configure the device. To resolve the problem, follow the instructions in the Device Status box. In addition, you may be able to resolve this issue by removing the device in Device Manager, and then running the Add New Hardware wizard from Control Panel.

Further readings

Device Manager error code 10

Important port numbers :3

A network port number is the communication point between the computer and the computer network. All the information. The port number is backed up with TCP or UDP. The computer port number is defined in the transport layer of OSI reference model.

This is the continuation from the port numbers described in the previous posts.

1. Important port numbers 1

2. Important port numbers 2

Port number : Protocol :::: Aplication

111: TCP,UDP :::; SUNRPC protocol
113: TCP :::: ident - old server identificationsystem still used by IRC servers to identify its

115: TCP :::::SFTP, Simple File Transfer Protocol

117: TCP ::::::UUCP-PATH

118: TCP,UDP ::::::SQL Services

119: TCP ::::::::NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)
- used for retrieving newsgroups messages

123: UDP :::::NTP (Network Time Protocol) - used for time

135: TCP,UDP ::::::EPMAP / Microsoft RPC Locator Service

137: TCP,UDP :::::: NetBIOS NetBIOS Name Service

138: TCP,UDP ::::::NetBIOS NetBIOS Datagram Service

139: TCP,UDP ::::::NetBIOS NetBIOS Session Service

143: TCP,UDP:::::: IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol 4)
used for retrieving E-mails

152: TCP,UDP ::::::BFTP, Background File Transfer Program

153: TCP,UDP ::::::SGMP, Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol

156: TCP,UDP ::::::SQL Service

158: TCP,UDP ::::::DMSP, Distributed Mail Service Protocol

161: TCP,UDP::::: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol

162: TCP,UDP ::::: SNMPTRAP

170: TCP :::::::Print-srv

179: TCP ::::::BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

194: TCP :::::IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

201/TCP,UDP :::::: AppleTalk Routing Maintenance


Suggested Reading

What is port number and how it is classified



New Post

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
____________________________________

IGRP is an interior gateway protocol

invented by cisco to replace the RIP.

It is a distance-vector routing protocol

used by routers to exchange routing data

within an autonomous system.

Important points
_______________

1. IGRP supports multiple metrics for each

route, including bandwidth, delay, load,

MTU, and reliability

2.The maximum hop count of IGRP-routed

packets is 255 (default 100).

disadvantage
__________________

1. IGRP is considered a classful routing

protocol.

New CCNA Topics

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - CCNA Tutorials

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol.It is inside the network to create a routing table
which helps routers to understand the layout of the network with changes in network connections. RIP is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) using the distance-vector routing algorithm.

Working of Routing Information Protocol

RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol. It uses hop count as the routing metric. 15 is the maximum number of hops allowed in RIP. RIP sends routing-update messages at regular intervals and when the network topology changes.The normal RIP updation time is 30 seconds while the hold down time is 180 seconds. RIP is based on UDP and working on the Transport layer. Routing by RIP is also called routing by rumor.



RIP Stability Features

RIP implements following mechanisms to maintain the stability. They are:

1. Split horizon
2. Route poisoning
3. Holddown mechanisms


Different versions of RIP

The major versions of Routing Information Protocols are:

1. RIP version 1

2. RIP version 2

3. RIPng

RIP version 1is the basic RIP which doesn't support VLSM. This drawback is fixed on the RIP version 2 where it support Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM).RIP version 2 is using multicast where RIP version 1 is using broadcast to send routing updates.RIP version 2 multicasts routing updates to the address 224.0.0.9.RIPng is specially defined for IP version 6.

Suggested Readings


1. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

2. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

3. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

4. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)


New CCNA Topics