Transport Layer -Study Notes for PSC, SSC, and RRB IT Exams

Welcome to the Computer Science and Technology Study Materials section from CoreNetworkZ EdTech Solutions, a leading mock test and competitive exam preparation platform, for students preparing for SSC, DSSSB, and Kerala PSC examinations.

I have trained many fresh network engineer batches in CoreNetworkZ EdTech Solutions in the concept of the OSI Reference Model. Today, I will teach you the fourth layer of the OSI Reference Model. You will also learn the workings and duties of the Transport Layer.

The transport layer is the fourth layer in the OSI Reference Model. It lies between the Network and Session layers (in the OSI Model).

It is one of the critical layers with many duties and responsibilities. This tutorial explains the working, responsibilities, and protocols in the Transport layer.

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SSC, DSSSB, and Kerala PSC conduct examinations for various IT posts.

Understanding the Transport layer is essential for candidates appearing for the DSSSB PGT/TGT Computer Science, Kerala PSC Degree Level Exam, SSC Scientific Assistant (CS), VSSC Technical Assistant, and System Analyst posts. These networking fundamentals are core parts of the Computer Science syllabus.

Kerala PSC Degree Level examinations have a Computer Science section where students can expect questions from the OSI Transport layer. You can check the Kerala PSC Degree Level Common Prelims Syllabus under the Computer Science section. I recommend you download the syllabus using this official link.

Reference: https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-02/syllubus.pdf

Isaac Nir asked me to explain how this layer works in simple words.

The primary responsibility of the Transport layer is to establish an end-to-end connection between the source IP and the destination IP. TCP and UDP are the two Transport layer protocols that establish an end-to-end connection.

It responds to service requests from the Session layer and issues service requests to the Network layer.

After creating an end-to-end connection, this layer delivers messages between the devices. Transport Layer is responsible for delivering messages between hosts.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, but UDP is a connectionless protocol. So, by using TCP, we can create an end-to-end reliable connection between the source and destination hosts.

The transport layer is also present in the TCP/IP model. It is called the host-to-host transport layer in the TCP/IP model. Now, let us check the duties of the Transport layer in a network.

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One of the readers of CoreNetworkZ, Joe West, asked me to explain the duties of Transport Layer. The five responsibilities of the Transport Layer are:

1. Creating an end-to-end connection between hosts in different networks,
   
   
2. Error recovery,
   
   
3. Flow control,
   
   
4. Ensuring complete data transfer in TCP
   
   
5. Congestion avoidance

The stateful protocol( TCP ) helps to establish the end-to-end connection in the Transport layer. It offers reliable delivery of data to the destination host.

Transport Layer is also responsible for error recovery and resending the data segments that had an error. The TCP protocol handles this duty.

Flow control is the process of ensuring that the amount of data sent to the destination is affordable. Without flow control, a faster source might flood the destination with so much information. To accomplish this, we are using many techniques like windowing.

As I explained above, TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. As the title suggests, it ensures the complete transfer of segments. TCP verifies if the destination host receives them. If not, it will resend the segments.

For example, let us consider two hosts, A and B. A sends data to B, but B fails to receive a few. Then, B will request A to resend them. When A receives the request, it will resend the missing part. So, this connection ensures the complete data transfer.

This way, the Transport layer assures complete data delivery.

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) helps to prevent congestion avoidance in this layer. By removing the possibilities of bottleneck issues, DCCP assures congestion avoidance.

One comment from Neena Tom asked me about the protocols working in the Transport Layer. So, I created a list for her. A list of the major protocols works in the Transport later are:

1. TCP( Transmission Control Protocol)

2. UDP( User Datagram Protocol)

3. DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol)

4. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)

I hope you are satisfied with this tutorial. For those preparing for Cisco certifications, I suggest you read the following references.

1. https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/s/question/0D53i00000Kt6WCCAZ/transport-layer
2. https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-02/syllubus.pdf
3. http://vapenik.s.cnl.sk/pcsiete/CCNA1/09_Transport_Layer.pdf